Support Structures for Social Economy

Summary

Social, solidarity, and community economies do not operate in silos. Instead, they develop in real geographical contexts where local conditions define to a great extent the type, scale and amplitude of the social economy organizations that can emerge and sustain over time. In contrast to mainstream capitalist enterprises, whose level of success is measured by economic performance alone, thus creating structural inequalities, social economies can only thrive in an ecosystem made up of social structures that support their development. We call this set of conditions “Support Structures for Social Economy”, and for analytical reasons divide them in three categories: (i) top-down supporting mechanisms, (ii) support structures from the bottom-up, and (iii) local conditions.

Editorial

Support structures are locally defined but they are produced in various scales, from local neighbourhoods all the way to the international level. They also vary in type, ranging from tangible assets like specific infrastructure, financial support instruments, or physical geographic advantages, to more intangible conditions, such as favourable institutional frameworks or local traditions. In addition, support structures are weaved through both gradual long-lasting historical processes and exceptional breakthrough events triggered by social movements or natural disasters. What is more, the level of this embeddedness ultimately defines whether the social economy will flourish or perish over mainstream economies. Below, we present the three pillars, and provide in each case with a few illustrative examples in order to better understand the proposed classification.

(i) Top-down supporting mechanisms: The first pillar refers all those actors and institutions that support the social economy from a position outside the field, i.e. the state and the national supportive legislation, local and regional authorities with their supportive schemes, private foundations and other civic (non-SE) private institutions and organizations that offer financial support as well as other forms of aid, and ultimately, international institutions such as EU that create a series of supportive tools and mechanisms at the international and even the global level. Examples:

• The Pla d’Impuls de l’Economia Social i Solidaria, is a strategic plan for the city of Barcelona, which aims to promote the Social and Solidarity Economy at the municipal level. It provides mentoring and training to individuals and groups who want to set up a social economic enterprise, supports ethical finance and access to funding, fosters inter-cooperation by favouring the creation of second-tier networks and cooperatives, works on communication by promoting and visibilising the social and solidarity economy, provides access to resources, and works on territorialisation as a way to address the socio-economic inequalities between neighbourhoods. The local policies and strategic plans of the local government of Barcelona, also work within the policy framework of the region of Catalunya, which has its own support structures for the Social Economy. These two institutional levels provide an example of cooperation and tension between actors, with disagreement over what the Social (and Solidarity) Economy is or is supposed to be.
• In Italy, one example of legislation which supports the social economy is the legal recognition of the social welfare cooperatives in 1991. Despite being here included as an example of top-down institutional support, this law came to existence because it had been called for by cooperatives in order to legislate the growing cooperative sector, since previous legislation only applied to worker cooperatives, and did not facilitate the existence of consumer cooperatives.
• The UK, is an example where the legal and policy-oriented support structures are not as defined. For example, there is no legislation for specific types of cooperatives. A couple of legislative tools which apply to the SE sector more broadly are: the status of “community interest company”, and the “Industrial and provident society” or “company law”, which allows SE enterprises to acquire nominal shares as low as 1£. This formally allows an organisation to be owned by member shareholders. More recently, in 2012, the Public Service (Social Value) Act was passed, according to which public services must consider their economic, social and environmental impacts. Despite the lack of national legislation or policy making, there are some local examples of policy making oriented towards the support for the Social Economy. The Preston Model is often referenced as a successful example of Community Wealth building and democratisation of the economy.

(ii) Support structures from the bottom-up: The second pillar includes all supportive structures that are being created from the bottom up, from the SE organizations for the development and strengthening of the social economy. In this category, we can include all the local networks that operate with horizontal structures and democratic processes, the umbrella organizations, the networks and confederations of local economy actors, the various incubators and accelerators for social economy, cooperative and ethical banking initiatives, informal solidarity hubs, crowdfunding campaigns and schemes, or mutuals. Examples:

• EQUAL, a programme which ran between 2000 and 2007, funded by the European Social Fund. Among other things, it promoted entrepreneurship in the Social Economy, by bringing together local authorities, cooperatives and voluntary bodies. In the UK, this partnership has worked in close contact with policy makers in the Office of the Third Sector. Examples of bottom-up networking, initiated by social economy stakeholders themselves, and to the scale and relevancy of the following examples in Italy and Catalunya are not to be found.
• In Italy, there are several examples of SE networks which operate at the local and national context. The Distretti di Economia Solidale are networks which promote local development and coordinate production, distribution and consumption chains, often through the collaboration of the SE with business and public institutions. They are comprised of various SE enterprises in a particular region which form “economic circuits”. Recently this model was up-scaled to the national level with the Rete Italiana per l’Economia Solidale (RIES).
• In Catalunya, there is the Cooperativa Integral Catalana (CIC), which is a network of cooperatives which aims at the comprehensive provision of services for its members. It was originally founded by Enric Duran, and aims to promote a post-capitalist economy. The XEE is a similar network, under the umbrella of the Catalan government.

(iii) Local conditions: The third pillar includes all those elements that can be termed “local conditions”, i.e. the context-specific physical or cultural conditions that have developed historically in a place that can support or hinder the development of the social economy. Such conditions usually involve traditional forms of cooperative provisioning, local imaginaries of sharing and co-producing, elements of physical geography that can, under certain circumstances, foster a spirit of cooperation (e.g. insularity), cultural norms of gift sharing and caring for the elders, imaginaries of well-being without profit-seeking and economic growth, crises, natural disasters and other forms of social deregulation that can potentially enact alternative practices, and other forms of social rupture and unrest such as social movements and mobilizations. All these factors have historically contributed to the fabrication of unique context-specific support structures that have given birth to enduring and diverse forms of the social economy such as in Catalonia or the Basque Country in Spain and elsewhere.

• In the UK, the socio-economic context is defined by policies of deregulation, and the prevalence of the voluntary and charity sector, over that of cooperatives and other forms of SE entrepreneurship. This is largely due to the political context of New Labour’s policies, which were a continuation of neoliberalism, and later the Conservative Party’s concept of the “Big Society”, which promoted austerity and saw the promotion of the voluntary sector as a way to defund the public sector. On the other hand, despite the weakness of the trade union movement in the UK since the 1980s, trade unionism and SE entrepreneurship have led to the emergence of other forms of SE entrepreneurship. This is the case of the recent creation of Wings, a worker co-op for ethical food delivery, which is taking on the business model of companies like Deliveroo.
• In Italy, grassroots movements have led to the creation of SE networked social movements such as Genuino Clandestino, where a broad alliance of small-scale food producers, agricultural sector workers, craftspeople, students, and families advocates for food sovereignty. This creates a relationship between "producers" and "consumers'' which aims to break from traditional capitalist relations. People who buy the food are called "co-producers", because, among other things, they support the business model based on Participative Guarantee Systems. Another example is that of the Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale, which are grassroots movements, sometimes linked to social centres, which work outside of the boundaries of the law and regulations in the food market to promote alternative ways of producing, distributing and consuming food.
• In Catalunya, the flourishing cooperative sector has its roots in the cooperativist and libertarian movements of the 20th century. La Lleialtat Santsenca, originally a consumer cooperative, expropriated during the fascist period, is now a space for community organising. It is managed by a democratic assembly and is owned by the municipality. The cooperativist movement still has a close relationship with grassroots movements to this day, especially in the city of Barcelona. One such example is Can Battlo’, an old factory

Index of Resources NEW

Title	Type	Description	Language
Social Enterprise UK	Website	Network of social enterprises in the UK. Working with Social Enterprises, Businesses and Public sector to build markets and support social enterprises at a national and local level.	ENG
Social economy – added value for local development and social	Article	Lorem Ipsum ligula orci auctor purus, non porta ex libero vitae eros. Sed id ex in lacus accumsan eleifend at vel turpis. Curabitur in pulvinar est. Donec mollis nibh sit amet finibus ornare. Donec lacinia diam mi.	ENG

Index of Resources OLD VERSION

Reference	Type of Resource (article, video, website, podcast, game, etc)	Subtopic	Short description	Link
Social Enterprise EU	Social Economy Operator		Main objective is to have a social impact rather than make a profit for their owners or shareholders. It operates by providing goods and services for the market in an entrepreneurial and innovative fashion and uses its profits primarily to achieve social objectives. It is managed in an open and responsible manner and, in particular, involves employees, consumers and stakeholders affected by its commercial activities.
Social Economy Policy Group (SEPG)			The Social Economy Policy Group (SEPG) is a cross departmental group with responsibility for developing an integrated, cohesive and strategic approach to the social economy sector.
EU Programmes and Initiatives	EaSI (The Employment and Social Innovation)		Progress Eurues Microfinance and Social Entrepreneurship
Universities	Higher Education Institutions		Research / Partnerships/ Collaborations
https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/social_enterprise_in_the_uk_final_web_spreads.pdf	British Council 2021 report		Outline the diversity of social enterprise in the UK, the ecosystem to support SE, financing, measuring impact, collaborations and government interventions.
European Social Fund Plus (ESF+)	Economic Initiatives
https://www.ess-europe.eu/sites/default/files/publications/files/ariadne-social-economy-in-the-uk.pdf	Report		Reflect on new initiatives, new trends and challenges of social enterprises. Discuss legal and institutional framework.
Social economy – added value for local development and social (2015)	Academic Article (source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567115008783)		Reflects on the added value of social economy and focuses on three main categories of social economy stakeholders: public authorities, third sector, and businesses.
Supporting the SSE in the EU - laville	Academic Article https://www.jeanlouislaville.fr/index.php/2019/09/06/supporting-the-social-and-solidarity-economy-in-the-european-union/		Looks at examples of SE enterprise in Germany, France, Italy and the UK. What makes them successful (arise and consolidate)? Funding; social support networks, social and civic entrepreneurs; project partnerships; from local initiatives to SSE; Economic institutionalization; policy recommendations..
The food commons in Europe: Relevance, challenges and proposals to support them. Jose Luis Vivero Pol	Academic Article https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-5213_en.html		About food commons and tricentric governance (civic collective actions for food, the state and private enterprise). More specifically, on how the food commons could be supported by EU authorities: normative measures; political measures; legal measures and financial measures.
Legislation and Public Policies in support of Social Solidarity Economy (SSE)	Academic Article https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-5931_en.html		About growth of SSE networks, how they managed to get SE orgs to be recognised by public authorities. How did existing policies come about? bottom-up organisation to satisfy social needs, strong SSE networks, based on fundamental transformative approach to avoid institutionalisation and instrumentalisation by the (neoliberal) state. Gov openness to recognise SSE.
Commons Associations By Christian Siefkes, Johannes Euler, Gunter Kramp and Nikolas Kichler	Academic Article https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-5133_en.html		showcases an idea for unifying commons-based projects in a self-organised solidarity economy that’s easy and convenient to join Suggests an Association of commons-based projects. Through vertical cooperation (coord between projects that provide for different needs), and horizontal cooperation (coord between projects that  provide similar goods).
Seoul: A Global Plan to Support the SSE	Academic Article: https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-4603_en.html		For 2013-2014, the Seoul Social Economy Center has been mandated with realizing 10 Policy Goals: A. Building A Foundation for The Social Economy 1) Increasing access to public procurement; 2) Building the foundation for social finance; 3) Fostering social entrepreneurship and human resources in the social economy; 4) Creating incubating spaces such as incubating centers or hubs ; 5) Building regional infrastructure B. Incubating and Supporting SE organizations 6) Supporting SE organizations based on their needs and types C. System and Governance 7) Creating a SE-targeted support system; 8) Establishing cooperative governance D. Networking and Strategic Collaborations 9) Promoting regional/industry networks in the SE; 10) Fulfilling strategic collaborations
Towards Public Policies Supporting the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) for Sustainable Development	Academic Article: https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-7863_en.html		- Legal and policy frameworks that are conducive to the development of the SSE (framework laws, SSE-orientated legislation) emphasizing the recognition of SSE as a distinct sector within a plurality of economic models, including through specific fiscal measures, access by SSE enterprises to public aid and public procurement, the inclusion of SSE in national education systems, - Sustainable "public/social and solidarity economy partnerships", designed in a spirit of reinvestment of surpluses for social or environmental goals, - Strengthening of appropriate financing, including the creation or strengthening of platforms for the deployment of long-term affordable capital from public and private sources (such as green climate funds), for the promotion of sustainable collective and social enterprises through public/SSE partnerships worldwide - Strengthening of knowledge on SSE through research and analysis - Fostering the implementation of training programs to ensure that the public/SSE partnerships respect the fundamental principles of the SSE, generate quality products and services that meet local needs at affordable prices, are financially sustainable in the medium- and long-term and that local authorities and other stakeholders have the capacity and tools to develop and implement SSE strategies and partnerships, We also intend to contribute to the implementation of new wealth indicators or improve existing ones that complement GDP
Solidarity Economies in Marche, Italy: current trends and perspectives	Academic Article: https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-3388_en.html
The Social Economy in the UK	Academic Article		Looks at each type of SE in the Uk with reference to policies and laws, how the SE is shaped by and resists to privatisation.
Towards the transformative social economy: Proposal of a system of indicators for cooperative social entrepreneurship	Academic Article https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apce.12379		Regarding support structures: talks about the logic of territorial federation, common work and networking, vs competition-based strategies.
Impetus plan for social and solidarity economy	Public sector policy plan http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-5461_it.html https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/economia-social-solidaria/ca/impulsem-less-piess/pla-dimpuls-de-leconomia-social-i-solidaria-2021-2023		Strategic plan put forward by Barcelona municipality.
Inside Collaborative Networks: Ten Lessons for Public Managers (sweden) On the road towards reinforced cooperation: Emerging structures for coproduction between the public sector and the social economy	Academic Article
Aid and Support for the Social Economy in Poland – The Case of Social Cooperatives
The City of Geneva supports Monnaie Léman!
Solidarity Economy in Mexico : Towards an alternative based on intercooperation and mutual support Local Governments
Supporting Local Energy Initiatives: Lessons from the Best Practices of Saerbeck (Germany) and Lochem (The Netherlands)
Colaboration networks as a boost to the popular and solidarity economy	Academic Article		Describes collaboration among savings and credit cooperatives, and it's socio-economic benefits. Conclusions: More policies needed, mixewith d results.
Building an ecosystem of social enterprises	TED Talk		Building an ecosystem of social enterprises in healthcare, agriculture, renewable energy, and education in synergy with a company's financial assets
The interactive Webtool on Social Entrepreneurship	Interactive Web Tool		The interactive Webtool on Social Entrepreneurship allows you to assess whether current policies and programmes enable and support social enterprises to start -up and scale -up. The assessment includes seven modules with thought-provoking question statements, covering different action areas within the social entrepreneurship ecosystem.
A Canvas for Social Economy	Visual tool		The Social Economy Canvas is a visual sense-making framework inspired by design and by complex-adaptive systems theory. It intends to provide policymakers with an ongoing, bottom-up, macro-assessment of the social economy in Europe while supporting practitioners’ development of new ideas for a regenerative economy at the micro-level.
Training modules on SSE addressed to VET Module 4: "Scaling Economy: Local Development, Economic Flows and Networking"	Game		“Here is the network!“: Based on previous knowledge and acquired information, students are asked to create (simulate) a functional SSE network, where it’s possible to find common answers/solutions to personal needs through solidarity and collaboration.
Developing Social Economy in Karditsa; A Social Ecosystem	Video		Looking at the differences between Business Entrepreneurship and Social Entrepreneurship. Specifically transactional solutions versus Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence. And we talk about the challenges in measuring the true value, ROI and financial impact of Social Entrepreneurship.
The Future of Work Podcast: What can the social and solidarity economy do for recovery?	Podcast (with transcripts)		What are the challenges that cooperatives face to operate well? How can cooperatives contribute to building resilient economies?
Upstream Podcast: The Solidarity Economy	Podcast		In this episode, we explore a phenomenon that has existed for centuries both within and alongside Capitalism. Wherever relationships have been based on reciprocity, sustainability, and democratic governance you’ll find the Solidarity Economy. We learn of its origin and about how it is strengthened by countermovements and during times of crisis. We follow its presence throughout the history of a particular marginalized community in the U.S., celebrating the courage of African American cooperative thought and practice. We then paint a picture of a modern solidarity response to economic austerity. And finally, we dream about its potential in the face of ecological peril and plan for what it will take to grow the Solidarity Economy to serve as a movement of movements.
Reclaiming Work: Cycle courier cooperatives are turning technology on the gig economy giants.	Short Documentary		Connects to documentary- Reclaiming work. Looks at platform work (eg. Uber), and how to bring about digital platform cooperativism. Role of unionism, worker organisation. And finally goes into scalability.
#Slaveroo, Industrial Action and Cooperativism: What Does the Future of the Digital Platform Economy Hold?	Journalist media article		Connects to documentary- Reclaiming work. Looks at platform work (eg. Uber), and how to bring about digital platform cooperativism. Role of unionism, worker organisation. And finally goes into scalability.
Galera, G. Salvatori, G. (2015). Public policy in the social and solidarity economy: Towards a favourable environment. The case of Europe, Turin, ITC/ILO,	report	Public policy		https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---coop/documents/publication/wcms_535145.pdf
Mendell, M. Alain, B. (2013). «Evaluating the Formation of Enabling Public Policy for the Social and Solidarity Economy from a Comparative Perspective. The Effectiveness of Collaborative Processes or the Co-Construction of Public Policy», Draft Paper prepared for the UNRISD International Conference: Potential and Limits of Social and Solidarity Economy, 6-8 May 2013, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-21	paper	Public policy		https://cdn.unrisd.org/assets/legacy-files/301-info-files/CF1708437A3897D5C1257B72003558A5/Alain%20and%20Mendell.pdf
Tremblay, C. (2010). «Public policy trends and instruments supporting the social economy: International experiences», CSERP, Public Policy Paper Series, 2, pp. 10-45	Paper	Public policy		http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-1418_fr.html
Chaves, R. (2008). «Public Policies and Social Economy in Spain and Europe». CIRIEC-ESPAÑA, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, 62, pp. 43-60	Paper	Public policy (mainly Spain)		https://econpapers.repec.org/article/cicrevcir/y_3a2008_3ai_3a62_3ap_3a35-60.htm
European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy, (2016). Social Economy Study, pp. 36-45	Report	Public Policy in EU		https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/578969/IPOL_STU(2016)578969_EN.pdf
OECD/European Union, (2013), Policy Brief on Social Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe, pp. 13-16	Report	Public policy		https://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/Social%20entrepreneurship%20policy%20brief%20EN_FINAL.pdf
Αδάμ, Σ. Καβουλάκος, Κ. Κορνηλάκης Α. (2018). Το θεσμικό πλαίσιο της ΚΑΛΟ στην Ελλάδα. Η εμπειρία της δημόσιας διαβούλευσης και μια κριτική αποτίμηση του Nόμου 4430/2016, Θεσσαλονίκη: Ίδρυμα Χάινριχ Μπέλ	book	legal framework in Greece		https://gr.boell.org/el/2018/07/17/thesmiko-plaisio-tis-koinonikis-allileggyas-oikonomias-stin-ellada
TC/ILO, (2011), Building the SSE through partnerships and networking in Social and Solidarity Economy: Our common road towards Decent Work, Turin: Publications International Training Centre of the ILO	report	networking		http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---coop/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_166301.pdf
Fici, A. (2009). “Cooperatives and social enterprises: comparative and legal profile” In B. Roelands (ed.). Cooperatives and Social Enterprises Governance and Normative Frameworks, CICOPA Europe, pp. 77-101	paper	legal framework		https://cecop.coop/works/cooperatives-and-social-enterprises-governance-and-normative-frameworks
ΙTC/ILO, (2011), «Policy framework for developing the SSE» in Social and Solidarity Economy: Our common road towards Decent Work, Turin: Publications International Training Centre of the ILO, pp. 35-52	report	Public policy		http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---coop/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_166301.pdf
Laville, J. L. (2010). The solidarity economy: an international movement. RCCS Annual Review. A selection from the Portuguese journal Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, (2)	paper	Solidarity economy as a movement		https://journals.openedition.org/rccsar/202
Giugni, M., & Grasso, M. T. (2018). Economic outcomes of social movements. The Wiley Blackwell companion to social movements, 466-481.	book chapter	social movements and social economy		https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:112744/ATTACHMENT01
Mullan, C., & Cox, L. (2000). Social movements never died: community politics and the social economy in the Irish Republic. In paper to BSA/ISA conference ‘Are Social Movements Reviving.	paper	social movements and social economy in Irish Republic		https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30859923/LCSocial_movements_never_died-libre.pdf?1392103443=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DSocial_movements_never_died_community_po.pdf&Expires=1665300804&Signature=gIVh0PquI1duJ5EMdQqXS20FIOBbm7VU7bZ0UZLd2qRR3X3dq-RGKNG6r3zUjUTknxUfT4ikRe9YaU-zIoX385j~z1nU~zzbCgjOyHW0PFgaC8HQ-dBunVumzURqVGMBQhsSUbhJiU3LWcgWV4Vh~zNOSdJ1x7hY38APOIufOUSJIGuzdB3BtDEqA3SniE1Q9ThRYkzb~X7RxjKrSPqb~Nfe8L8UpI691uiliiLXIDavxt78R~WuGZ3b9Bw9faSeX~ksGCJyMYZjBnG3DzzHqxvX~PmXMlKMPCcr423GgzXmdb4EMmwMKRlqiUif1IWUMvuh1LXNQpRkN-rXSbnB6w__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Shawki, N. (2013). Understanding the transnational diffusion of social movements: an analysis of the US solidarity economy network and transition US. Humanity & Society, 37(2), 131-158.	paper	social movements and solidarity economy		https://www.proquest.com/docview/1661813288?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar
Lemaître, A., & Helmsing, B. (2011). Solidarity economy in Brazil: movement, discourse and practice. ISS Working Paper Series/General Series, 524, 1-36.	paper	social movements, solidarity economy in Brazil		https://repub.eur.nl/pub/23656/
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Ciccariello-Maher, G. (2016). Building the commune: Radical democracy in Venezuela. Verso Books.	book	social movements and SSE
Vargas-Cetina, Gabriela. 2005. “Anthropology and Cooperatives: From the Community Paradigm to the Ephemeral Association in Chiapas, Mexico.” Critique of Anthropology 25 (3): 229–51.	paper	social movements and SSE		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0308275X05055210?casa_token=_QZ9s1P3KZUAAAAA:ZsOXWj9_vWCIJDNLYCpU5CkH5eJna4vky7G3AvNqEqI6WyLk6LJQVk3Tk_WgMqp2Z2HI8EGc134B
Guarascio, C. (2022). Networks of solidarity economy, tools for local development and social innovation. International Review of Economics, 69(3), 383-400.	paper	networks		https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12232-022-00399-z
Shawki, N. (2013). Understanding the transnational diffusion of social movements: an analysis of the US solidarity economy network and transition US. Humanity & Society, 37(2), 131-158.	paper	movements and SSE		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0160597613481799
Chaves-Avila, R., & Gallego-Bono, J. R. (2020). Transformative policies for the social and solidarity economy: The new generation of public policies fostering the social economy in order to achieve sustainable development goals. The European and Spanish cases. Sustainability, 12(10), 4059.	paper	public policies		https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/10/4059/pdf?version=1589540591
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U.N.R.I.S.D., (2016). «Promoting Social Solidarity Economy through Public Policy» in UNRISD Flagship Report 2016	report	public policy		https://cdn.unrisd.org/assets/legacy-files/301-info-files/7E583F050CE1D2A4C125804F0033363E/Flagship2016_Ch4.pdf
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